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YB1TC Kardi Bonek, Mandor Banten
I was born on October 8, 1945 in Malang East Java.
Status Married with 4 boys from first marriage and 2 children ( daugther & son ) form my second wife, namely Christina Toruan. My only daughter is Putri Chrisnadhira, she was born on November 20, 1998 and second boy was born on October 22,2001 I gave him a name is : Devanto Wicaksono. (more…)
Source : http://www.iaru.org/iarucnst.htm
ARTICLE I — NAME, OBJECTIVES, DEFINITIONS, AND STRUCTURE
1. The name of this organization is the International Amateur Radio Union (IARU), hereinafter also referred to as the IARU.
2. Its objectives shall be the protection, promotion, and advancement of the Amateur and Amateur-Satellite Services within the framework of regulations established by the International Telecommunication Union, and to provide support to Member-Societies in the pursuit of these objectives at the national level, with special reference to the following:
a) representation of the interests of amateur radio at and between conferences and meetings of international telecommunications organizations;
b) encouragement of agreements between national amateur radio societies on matters of common interest;
c) enhancement of amateur radio as a means of technical self-training for young people;
d) promotion of technical and scientific investigations in the field of radiocommunication;
e) promotion of amateur radio as a means of providing relief in the event of natural disasters;
f) encouragement of international goodwill and friendship;
g) support of Member-Societies in developing amateur radio as a valuable national resource, particularly in developing countries; and
h) development of amateur radio in those countries not represented by Member-Societies.
3. Within this Constitution, the following terms shall have the meanings defined below.
Amateur Service: A radiocommunication service for the purpose of self-training, intercommunication and technical investigations carried out by amateurs, that is, by duly authorized persons interested in radio technique solely with a personal aim and without pecuniary interest.
Amateur Satellite Service: A radio communication service using space stations on earth satellites for the same purposes as those of the amateur service.
National Amateur Radio Society: A noncommercial association of radio amateurs, devoted to the objectives set forth in the preceding section of this Constitution and substantially covering by influence and recognition the country and/or territories which it represents.
Member-Society: A national amateur radio society that has been accepted for membership in the IARU
Region: A geographical area, the boundaries of which are defined in the Bylaws. Unless otherwise specified in the Bylaws, the Regions shall correspond to those into which, for frequency allocation purposes, the world has been divided by the International Telecommunication Union.
International Secretariat: The Member-Society elected to discharge the responsibilities enumerated in Article V.
Bylaws: The operative procedures of the IARU adopted under the provisions of this Constitution for the governance of its affairs.
4. In this Constitution and in the Bylaws of the IARU, words importing only the masculine gender include the feminine gender and the neutral gender; words importing only the singular number include the plural number, and vice versa; and words importing persons shall include corporations. Headings, marginal notes, and numbering of Articles and Paragraphs are inserted for ease of reference only and do not form part of this Constitution, nor shall they affect its interpretation.
5. The official language of the IARU is English.
6. The IARU is composed of the following:
a) the Member-Societies (Article II);
b) the Administrative Council (Article III );
c) The Regional Organizations (Article IV).
7. The authority of the IARU resides collectively in the Member-Societies, who exercise this authority by voting as set forth in Articles VI and VII.
8. The structure and operation of the IARU shall be set forth in this Constitution and Bylaws.
9. No mutual financial obligations or responsibilities exist between entities or the IARU except as set forth in this Constitution; however, special arrangements may be made.
1. The membership of the IARU shall consist of its Member-Societies.
2. There shall be only one Member-Society representing a country or separate territory.
The Constitution and Bylaws of the IARU , and proposals adopted by vote of the Member-Societies in accordance with Article VI of this Constitution, shall be binding upon Member-Societies. Member-Societies shall also adhere to the Constitution, Bylaws and Rules of their regional organizations.
4. Member-Societies retain their complete autonomy with respect to their internal affairs.
5. A Member-Society has the right to:
a) cast its vote on all IARU proposals published in the Calendar;
b) present proposals in accordance with Article VI, paragraph 2 for vote by Member-Societies;
c) represent IARU in its country and/or territory; and
d) participate in the activities and conferences of its own regional organization in accordance with the Constitution, Bylaws, and Rules of its own regional organization.
6. Member-Societies shall have the rights, duties, and obligations as defined in the Bylaws of the IARU.
7. No Member Society shall, by virtue or its membership, be required to act in a manner that is contrary to the laws of its country.
8. Member-Societies shall have no financial obligations to the IARU; however, there may be financial obligations between a Member-Society and its regional organization.
9. Applications for membership shall be reviewed by the appropriate regional organization, and then processed by the Administrative Council in accordance with procedures set out in the Bylaws.
10. A Member-Society may resign its membership in the IARU by submitting written notice to the Secretary of the appropriate regional organization. The resignation shall become effective upon publication in the Calendar.
11. The rights of a Member-Society may not be suspended, nor may membership in the IARU be terminated, unless:
a) The Member-Society has failed to fulfill its duties under this Constitution;
b) The Member-Society has acted contrary to the interests of Amateur Radio or the IARU; or
c) The Member-Society no longer adequately represents the interests of radio amateurs throughout its country and/or separate territory.
12. Procedures for temporary suspension of rights, and for termination of membership, shall be established in the Bylaws. ‘Termination shall be by vote of the Member-Societies as described in Article VI.
1. The policy and management of The IARU shall be carried out by the Administrative Council. The Administrative Council shall:
a) coordinate the representation or the interests of amateur radio at international telecommunications conferences with the regional organizations, under the direction of the President;
b) establish long-range planning in close cooperation with the regional organizations to preserve the basic purposes of amateur radio;
c) serve as coordinator between the regional organizations on all matters of mutual interest;
d) formulate such proposals for consideration by the Member-Societies as may be necessary to further the objectives of the IARU; and
c) adopt such resolutions and recommendations as will facilitate the functioning of the IARU.
2. The members of the Administrative Council shall be the President, the Vice President, the Secretary, and two members from each of the regional organizations. No member may have a professional interest which conflicts with the objectives of the IARU.
3. President.
a) The President shall be a Radio Amateur, and a member of a Member-Society.
b) The term of office of the President shall be for a period of five years from the date of ratification of his nomination, and he shall remain in office until the nomination of his successor has been ratified.
c) No later than 12 months prior to the expiration of the term or office of the President then in office, the International Secretariat shall initiate discussions with the Administrative Council to identify suitably qualified candidates available to serve as President. The nomination of a single candidate shall be made by the International Secretariat, but not until agreement has been reached between the International Secretariat and the Administrative Council that the candidate is suitably qualified.
d) A President shall be eligible for re-election.
e) The nomination of a President by the International Secretariat shall be subject to ratification by a vote of the Member-Societies in accordance with Article VI.
f) The office of President shall become vacant if the President:
1)dies,
2) gives notice in writing of his resignation to the Secretary, or
3) is removed by the adoption of a joint proposal put forward by at least 10% of the Member-Societies in accordance with the procedure described in Article VI.
4. The president shall have general supervision of the affairs of the IARU in accordance with formulated policies, and shall serve as chairman of the Administrative Council.
5. The qualifications, method of election, and term of office for the Vice President shall be identical with that of the President.
6. The Vice President shall serve in the absence of the President and shall be responsible for such matters of general supervision as may be delegated to him by the President.
7. In the event of a vacancy in the office of President, the Vice President shall succeed him. In the event of a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the office shall be filled in accordance with the procedure described in Article III, paragraph 3.
8. The Secretary shall be designated by the International Secretariat and shall serve for a term determined by that Member-Society.
9. The Secretary shall manage the routine affairs of the IARU under the direction of the President.
10. The members of the Administrative Council from the regional organizations shall be Radio Amateurs and members of Member-Societies of their respective regional organizations. They shall be elected according to the rules of, and serve for a term determined by, their respective regional organizations. From each regional organization at least one, and wherever possible both, of the members shall be members of their regional executive committee.
11. The expenses of participation in the work of the Administrative Council by the President, Vice President, and Secretary, together with the administrative expenses associated with the holding of a meeting, shall be borne by The International Secretariat; the expenses of the members from the regional organizations shall be borne by their respective regional organizations.
12. Five members, including at least one from each regional organization and either the President or the Vice President, shall constitute a quorum.
13. Each member of the Administrative Council shall have one vote, except that the President shall vote only in the event of a tie.
14. Normally, the Administrative Council shall meet annually at a time and place to be determined at the previous meeting. Additional meetings of the Administrative Council may he called by the President or at the joint request of the regional organizations. In the event of a member of the Administrative Council not being able to attend a meeting of the Administrative Council, the executive committee of the regional organization shall provide a suitably qualified alternate.
15. Between meetings, decisions may be made by correspondence or other means.
16. The Administrative Council may adopt rules governing its operations in addition to those specified herein.
1. The regional organizations are formed by Member-Societies representing the countries or separate territories in the respective Regions. The boundaries of the regional organizations correspond to those of the Regions. The regional organizations shall be referred to as “IARU, Region [ ].”
2. There shall be only one regional organization in each Region.
3. The objectives of the regional organizations shall be in accordance with Article I, paragraph 2 of this Constitution.
4. Each regional organization shall operate autonomously under its own regional constitution, and in accordance with the IARU Constitution.
5. Each regional organization shall have its own management and finances.
6. The management of a regional organization is carried out by an executive committee, the members of which are elected by the Member-Societies of the regional organization under the regional constitution.
7. Each regional organization shall ensure that its Member-Societies are actively supporting, in the countries or separate territories that they represent, the objectives of the IARU as set forth in Article I, paragraph 2.
8. Each regional organization shall participate actively in the work of the Administrative Council and shall inform the Administrative Council of significant activities within its Region.
1. The Member-Societies shall elect one of their number willing to and capable of serving as the International Secretariat of the IARU.
2. The term of service of a Member-Society as International Secretariat shall continue until the election of a successor.
3. The operating expenses of the IARU shall be borne by the International Secretariat: however, it shall be under no obligation to bear expenses on behalf of the IARU beyond those that are incidental to its discharging the responsibilities enumerated in this Constitution.
4. The International Secretariat shall maintain the official records of the IARU and shall be the custodian of any property and funds belonging to the IARU. In the event of a transfer of the International Secretariat, all records, and control of all property and funds of the IARU shall be transmitted promptly to the successor.
5. The Administrative Council may establish bank accounts in the name of the IARU.
6. At least twice a year, the International Secretariat shall issue a periodical bulletin named The Calendar to all Member-Societies and to the members of the regional executive committees. The Calendar shall contain all proposals to be considered by the Member-Societies and other information as directed by the Administrative Council.
1. In the consideration of proposals brought before the IARU in accordance with this Constitution, each Member-Society shall have one vote.
2. A Proposal may be made by any Member-Society through its regional organization, which shall transmit it to the Administrative Council for publication in the next issue of the Calendar. Publication shall be accompanied by explanatory comment. Proposals also may be made by the regional organizations and the Administrative Council.
3. A Member-Society shall cast its vote in writing so that it is received by the International Secretariat not later than five months after publication of the Calendar containing the proposal. Votes received late shall not be counted.
4. After voting is completed, the Administrative Council shall publish the results in the next issue of the Calendar, including a list of Member-Societies voting in favor, those voting against, those recording an abstention, and all explanatory statements submitted for publication by Member-Societies.
5. Except for amendments to the Constitution and the termination of membership of a Member-Society, proposals shall be deemed adopted upon the casting of affirmative votes by a simple majority of the Member-Societies who have submitted, within the specified time, a vote or abstention, either on that proposal or in response to one of the three preceding issues of the Calendar which contained proposals for consideration by the Member-Societies.
6. The termination of membership of a Member-Society shall require a vote in accordance with the procedure described in Article VI, paragraph 5, except that a two-thirds majority shall be required.
1. This Constitution may be amended by proposal in the Calendar, subject to a vote in accordance with the procedure described in Article VI, paragraph 5, except that a two-thirds majority shall be required.
2. Bylaws may be adopted or amended by proposal in the Calendar, subject to a vote in accordance with the procedure described in Article VI, paragraph 5, of the Constitution.
Applications for Membership
1. Applications for membership in IARU shall be forwarded by the applicant society to the secretariat of the appropriate regional organization. As soon as practical, the regional organization shall forward to the Administrative Council any complete application that it has received, along with either a favorable or unfavorable finding with respect to the qualifications of the applicant, and any additional comments which it may wish to make. In the event an incomplete application is received or additional information is desired, the regional secretariat shall endeavor to obtain the information from the applicant.
2. An applicant for membership shall include the following in its application:
a) a copy of its constitution or other governing document;
b) a list of its officers, the total number of its members, the number of members who are licensed to transmit in the Amateur Service, and the number of licensed operators in its country and/or separate territory;
c) satisfactory evidence that it:
1) adequately represents the interests of amateurs throughout the country and/or separate territory which it proposes to represent:
2) has the ability to meet its financial obligations as a member of the Union; and
3) is legally able to act in the furtherance of IARU objectives within its country and/or separate territory; and
d) a declaration that the applicant society will adhere to the Constitutions of both the IARU and the respective regional organization.
3. Within three months of receiving an application for membership on which a regional organization made a favorable finding, the Administrative Council shall publish in the Calendar a proposal that the applicant be admitted to membership, with sufficient information to permit Member-Societies to make an informed decision.
4. The Administrative Council shall review applications on which a regional organization has made an unfavorable finding. If in the opinion of the Administrative Council there is insufficient basis for the unfavorable finding, the application shall be returned to the regional organization with the request either that it be given further consideration, or that the basis for the finding be further explained.
Duties and Obligations of Member-Societies
5. Member-Societies shall seek to promote and defend the objectives and principles established in the Constitution and Bylaws of the IARU and the Constitution, Bylaws and Rules of their own regional organization.
6. A Member-Society has the obligation to represent and promote IARU in its country and/or territory and shall ensure that the principles, resolutions and recommendations of the IARU are made known to all amateurs within its area of influence.
7. A Member-Society shall attend or be represented at its own regional conference in accordance with the Constitution, Bylaws, and Rules of its regional organization.
8. A Member-Society shall respond to all inquiries originating from the Regional and/or International Secretariat. It shall provide the Regional Secretariat with an annual report, notices of changes of addresses and/or officers, copies of substantive correspondence sent to the International Secretariat, and such other information that is relevant to its activities within the IARU.
9. Every Member-Society shall advise the Secretary of any conflicts that may exist between the Constitution or the Bylaws of IARU, or any proposals adopted by the IARU. and the laws and policies of its country.
Temporary Suspension of Rights of a Member-Society
10. At the request of a regional organization, the Administrative Council may place the rights of a Member-Society temporarily in abeyance if in its opinion there exist sufficient grounds for doing so in accordance with Article II, paragraph 11 of the Constitution.
Termination of Membership
11. If it appears to the Administrative Council, whether from a report from the Secretary, regional organization, or otherwise, that a Member-Society’s breach of the conditions enumerated in Article II, paragraph 11 of the Constitution is not of a temporary nature, the Administrative Council may:
a) take no further action in the matter;
b) reconsider the matter at a later date;
c) obtain further information including a report from the relevant regional organization and such other information by such means and in such time as it decides;
d) direct the Secretary to advise the Member-Society of the charge against it and require the Member-Society to provide an answer thereto in such time as the Administrative Council shall specify; or
e) take such other action as it considers appropriate.
12. If it appears to the Administrative Council that it is proper to do so, it may make a proposal for the termination of the membership of a Member-Society, provided that no such proposal shall be made unless the action referred to in Bylaw 11(d) has been taken and the Administrative Council has considered any answer given in response thereto.
13. A proposal for the termination of the membership of a Member-Society shall be accompanied by a suitable explanation therefor and a copy of the answer, if any, made by the Member-Society.
Regions
14. The Regions shall be defined as follows:
Region 1
Includes the area limited on the east by line A (lines A, B and C are defined below) and on the west by line B, excluding any of the territory of Iran which lies between these limits. It also includes that part of the territory of Turkey and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics lying outside of these limits, the territory of the Mongolian People’s Republic, and the area to the north of the USSR which lies between lines A and C.
Region 2
Region 2 includes the area limited on the east by line B and on the west by line C.
Region 3
Region 3 includes the area limited on the east by line C and on the west by line A, except the territories of the Mongolian People’s Republic, Turkey, the territory of the USSR and the area to the north of the USSR. It also includes that part of the territory of Iran lying outside of those limits.
The lines A, B and C are defined as follows:
Line A: Line A extends from the North Pole along meridian 40 degrees East of Greenwich to parallel 40 degrees North; thence by great circle arc to the intersection of meridian 60 degrees East and the Tropic of Cancer; thence along the meridian 60 degrees East to the South Pole.
Line B: Line B extends from The North Pole along meridian 10 degrees West of Greenwich to its intersection with parallel 72 degrees North; thence by great circle arc to the intersection of meridian 50 degrees West and parallel 40 degrees North; thence by great circle arc to the intersection of meridian 20 degrees West and parallel 10 degrees South; thence along meridian 20 degrees West to the South Pole.
Line C: Line C extends from the North Pole by great circle arc to the intersection of parallel 65 degrees 30 North with the international boundary in Bering Strait; thence by great circle arc to the intersection of meridian 165 degrees East of Greenwich and parallel 50 degrees North; thence by great circle arc to the intersection of meridian 170 degrees West and parallel 10 degrees North; thence along parallel 10 degrees North to its intersection with meridian 120 degrees West; thence along meridian 120 degrees West to the South Pole.
Correspondence Procedure
15. A copy of all correspondence from a Member-Society to the Administrative Council, or from the International Secretariat to a Member-Society, including correspondence on behalf of the Administrative Council to a Member-Society, shall be sent to the Secretary of the appropriate regional organization.
Selection, Resignation, and Replacement of the International Secretariat
16. Nomination of an IARU Member-Society to serve as the International Secretariat may be made either by a Member-Society, a regional organization or the Administrative Council and shall be accompanied by a supporting rationale. In addition, the nominated Member-Society must attest to its willingness to serve and its ability to fulfill the requirements and obligations as described in Article V of the Constitution.
17. If the Member-Society serving as the International Secretariat wishes to resign, it shall submit its resignation in writing to the Administrative Council. The resignation shall be published in the next issue of the Calendar together with an invitation for nomination of a successor.
18. A proposal to replace a Member-Society serving as the International Secretariat shall include a nomination of a successor.
( source :http://www.hello-radio.org )
A housewife in North Carolina makes friends over the radio with another ham in Lithuania. An Ohio teenager uses his computer to upload a digital chess move to an orbiting space satellite, where it’s retrieved by a fellow chess enthusiast in Japan. An aircraft engineer in Florida participating in a “DX contest” swaps his call sign and talks to hams in 100 different countries during a single weekend. In California, volunteers save lives as part of their involvement in an emergency response. And from his room in Chicago, a ham’s pocket-sized hand-held radio allows him to talk to friends in the Carolinas. This unique mix of fun, public service and convenience is the distinguishing characteristic of Amateur Radio. Although hams get involved for many reasons, they all have in common a basic knowledge of radio technology and operating principles, and pass an examination for the FCC license to operate on radio frequencies known as the “Amateur Bands.” These bands are radio frequencies reserved by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for use by hams at intervals from just above the AM broadcast band all the way up into extremely high microwave frequencies. Listen to this spot, “What Is Ham Radio?”
Who’s the Typical Ham?
Amateur Radio operators come from all walks of life — movie stars, missionaries, doctors, students, politicians, truck drivers and just plain folks. They are all ages, sexes, income levels and nationalities. They say Hello to the world in many languages and many ways. But whether they prefer Morse code on an old brass telegraph key, voice communication on a hand-held radio, or computerized messages transmitted via satellite, they all have an interest in what’s happening in the world, and they use radio to reach out.
What’s the Appeal of Ham Radio?
Some hams are attracted by the ability to communicate across the country, around the globe, or even with astronauts on space missions. Others may like to build and experiment with electronics. Computer hobbyists enjoy using Amateur Radio’s digital communications opportunities. Those with a competitive streak enjoy “DX contests,” where the object is to see how many hams in distant locations they can contact. Some like the convenience of a technology that gives them portable communication. Mostly we use it to open the door to new friendships over the air or through participation in one of more than 2000 Amateur Radio clubs throughout the country. Read real person comments in “Why I Love It!“.
Why Do You Need a License?
Although the main purpose of Amateur Radio is fun, it is called the “Amateur Radio Service” because it also has a serious face. The FCC created this “Service” to fill the need for a pool of experts who could provide backup during emergencies. In addition, the FCC acknowledged the ability of the hobby to advance the communication and technical skills of radio, and to enhance international goodwill. This philosophy has paid off. Countless lives have been saved where skilled hobbyists act as emergency communicators to render aid, whether it’s during an earthquake in Italy or a hurricane in the U.S.
Why Do They Call Themselves “Hams”?
“Ham: a poor operator. A ‘plug.’”
That’s the definition of the word given in G. M. Dodge’s “The Telegraph Instructor” even before there was radio. The definition has never changed in wire telegraphy. The first wireless operators were landline telegraphers who left their offices to go to sea or to man the coastal stations. They brought with them their language and much of the tradition of their older profession. In those early days, every station occupied the same wavelength-or, more accurately perhaps, every station occupied the whole spectrum with its broad spark signal. Government stations, ships, coastal stations and the increasingly numerous amateur operators all competed for time and signal supremacy in each other’s receivers. Many of the amateur stations were very powerful. Two amateurs, working each other across town, could effectively jam all the other operations in the area. Frustrated commercial operators would refer to the ham radio interference by calling them “hams.” Amateurs, possibly unfamiliar with the real meaning of the term, picked it up and applied it to themselves in true “Yankee Doodle” fashion and wore it with pride. As the years advanced, the original meaning has completely disappeared.
Do I Have to Learn Morse Code?
Not any more! While many hams LIKE to use Morse code, it is not required.
What are some of the other ways radio hams communicate? What do they sound like?
There is a great variety of ways that Amateur Radio operators are able to communicate. Using voice is just one. Morse code is still widely used. Here is what “hello” sounds like in Morse code. Packet, Radio Teletype (often called Ritty) and PSK are three more. Even faster transmissions are being developed using methods which can send almost any form of digital data. Hams also use television to send pictures over the air.
What are the Amateur Radio Bands?
Look at the dial on an old AM radio and you’ll see frequencies marked from 535 to 1605 kilohertz. This is one radio “band.” There are other bands of radio spectrum for amateur, government, military and commercial radio uses. If you could hear the many different bands, you would find aircraft, ship, fire and police communication, as well as the so-called “shortwave” stations, which are worldwide commercial and government broadcast stations from the U.S. and overseas. Amateurs are allocated 26 bands (i.e., specific groups of frequencies) spaced from 1.8 Megahertz, which is just above the broadcast radio frequencies, all the way up to 275 Gigahertz! Depending on which band we use, we can talk across town, around the world, or out to satellites in space. Hams can even bounce signals off the moon!
Source : http://knowledgerush.com/kr/encyclopedia/Amateur_Radio/
Amateur radio, commonly called “ham radio“, is a hobby enjoyed by many people throughout the world; about 3 million worldwide, 70000 in Germany, 5000 in Norway, 57,000 in Canada, and 700,000 in the USA. Owners of an Amateur Radio license have studied and passed required tests in their country and then are issued a call sign by their government. This call sign is unique to that person and is a source of pride. The holder of a call sign uses it on the air to legally identify all voice and data communications. Amateur Radio should not be confused with CB radio which is limited to voice operation, allowed lower power limits, fewer frequency allocations and is unlicensed in most countries.
In most countries, bandwidth has been set aside for amateurs to practice all of the various radio technology practices, from Morse code to radio teletype, data and voice. Specific frequency allocations are a matter of record with the various countries, but the most widely used bands include:
There are other amateur radio bands as well, covering frequencies as low as 135 kHz and as high as 300 GHz and above.
Licensed Amateur Radio operators enjoy personal two-way communications with friends and family members, who must also be licensed. They support the larger public community with emergency and disaster communications. Increasing a person’s knowledge of electronics and radio theory as well as radio contesting are also popular aspects of this radio service or hobby. A good way to get started in Ham Radio is to find a club in your area to answer your questions and provide information on getting licensed and then getting on the air!
Ham Radio offers the licensed operators powerful radio modes that give it uniquely reliable communications during and after disasters. Many of these rely on the “simplex” mode that is direct, radio-to-radio, avoiding the problems associated with networks that might fail. In Ham Radio simplex communications would allow skilled radio operators to talk across town on VHF or UHF frequencies, or across the world on the HF (shortwave) bands of frequencies. Hams also have another powerful tool available, repeaters. Repeaters are radio relay devices usually located on the top of a mountain or tall building. A repeater allows the licensed Ham to have radio coverage for hundreds of miles from just a small handheld or mobile two-way radio.
Within amateur radio, one can pursue interests such as providing communications for a community emergency response team; antenna theory; satellite communication; disaster response; Skywarn; packet radio (using data transmission protocols similar to that used on the internet, but via radio links); DX communication over thousands of miles using the ionosphere to refract radio waves; Internet Radio Linking Project (IRLP) which is a composite network of radio signals and the internet ; and super low-power or QRP operation.
One of the many exciting activities of ham radio is the DX-pedition. Radio amateurs collect QSL cards from other stations, indicating the continents and regions which they have contacted. Certain zones of the world have very few radio amateurs. As a result, when a station with a rare ID comes on the air, radio amateurs flock to communicate with it. To take advantage of this phenomenon, groups of hams transport radio equipment into a remote country or island (such as normally uninhabited Bouvet Island, which has the rare callsign prefix 3Y). These expeditions can help hams quickly achieve a communication award such as a DXCC. To obtain the DXCC award a ham needs confirming QSL cards from hams in 100 countries around the world.
Contesting is another activity which has garnered interest in the ham community. During a period of time (normally 24 to 48 hours) a ham tries to successfully communicate with as many other hams as possible. The contesting amateur may concentrate on just DX stations, or only on stations powered by emergency generation equipment or running on batteries. The contest may or may not be limited in allowable modes of transmission.
Some hams use VHF or UHF frequencies to bounce their signals off the moon. The return signal is heard by many other hams who also do EME (earth-moon-earth). The antenna arrays are massive so a lot of real estate is needed. Other hams transmit with very low power. Signals on the order of 5 watts or less are heard all over the world by these QRP (low power) operators.
Even with the advent of the internet (offering email, music, broadcast audio, video, voice over IP VoIP) ham radio is not diminishing in countries with advanced communications infrastructure. Amateur radio remains strong even today, as figures from the American Radio Relay League will prove.
In times of crises and natural disasters, ham radio may be the only surviving mode of communication.
On March 18, 1909 Einar Dessau used a short-wave radio transmitter which made him the first to broadcast as a ham radio operator.
Tony Hancock’s 1960 BBC TV episode “The Radio Ham”, in which he plays an incompetent ham radio operator, has remained popular in the UK and has played a small part in keeping the memory of ham radio’s heyday alive.
Most of the time, it’s the most fun you can have with a radio. It’s a way to talk with people around the world, or even orbiting the world; to send e-mail without any sort of internet connection and to keep in touch with friends across town or across the country. But it is called the “Amateur Radio Service” because it also has a serious face. It’s also a very important emergency communications system. When cell phones, regular phones, the internet and other systems are down or overloaded, ham radio still gets the message through. Ham radio is a “hobby” – that’s the fun part. But it’s also a “service” – a vital service that has saved lives again and again when regular communication systems failed.
On September 11th, it was ham radio that kept New York City agencies in touch with each other after their command center was destroyed. When hurricanes like Katrina, Rita and Wilma knocked out other communications, ham radio provided vital life-and-death capabilities. Countless lives have been saved where skilled hobbyists act as emergency communicators to render aid, whether it’s during an earthquake in China or a tornado in the U.S. But most of the time, hams do what they do because it’s just plain fun.
Who are these Hams?
There are 660,000+ Amateur Radio operators in the USA and over two million in nearly every country in the world. They come from all walks of life – movie stars, missionaries, doctors, students, politicians, truck drivers and just plain folks. They are all ages, sexes and income levels linked by their interest in wireless communications technologies.
Although hams get involved in the hobby for many reasons, they all have in common a basic knowledge of today’s wireless technologies, regulations and operating principles. In the U.S., this is demonstrated by passing an examination for a Federal Communications Commission (FCC) license to operate on radio frequencies known as the “Amateur Bands.” These are reserved by the FCC for use by hams at intervals from just above the AM broadcast band all the way up into extremely high microwave frequencies.
What Are the Amateur Radio Bands?
Look at the dial on an AM radio and you will see frequencies marked from 540 to 1700 kilohertz (thousands of cycles per second). That’s the AM broadcast band – and it’s just a tiny sliver of the useful radio spectrum that extends all the way to tens of gigahertz (billions of cycles per second). There you will find aircraft, ship, fire and police communications, as well as the so-called “shortwave” stations which are worldwide along with government broadcast stations from the U.S. and overseas. Amateurs are allocated the use of ten basic “bands” (i.e. groups of frequencies) in the High Frequency (HF) range between 1800 and 29,700 kilohertz, and another seven bands in the Very High Frequency (VHF) bands and Ultra High Frequency (UHF) ranges, as well as Super High Frequency (SHF) bands.
Why a License?
Amateur Radio is as old as radio itself and has been a licensed service for nearly a century, offering a pool of self-trained experts able to provide backup emergency communications. While license application requirements vary by country, the Amateur Radio Service is also controlled by international law and agreements. Radio waves do not stop for international borders, and the FCC acknowledges the ability of the hobby not only to advance radio communication and technical skills, but also to enhance international goodwill.
(source : http://www.armad.net)
ARMAD is an annual NON – POLITICAL Amateur Radio Public Service project that stands for Amateur Radio Military Appreciation Day. We work with National Military Appreciation Month during the Month of May. We also provide other events, and work with other groups as requested during the year. We ask Amateur Radio Operators from around the world to team up during this effort to allow the people from our communities to gather at public locations such as shopping centers, parks, VA hospitals, and sporting events to express verbal positive support ”LIVE” over two way radio for members of the Military, Veterans, Reserves, National Guard, Retired, Coalition Forces, First Responders, and Military Support Groups. Many of us have friends, relatives, and neighbors that are active duty, and past members of the armed forces. ARMAD gives us the chance to support one another, and to express our thanks and appreciation to those that sacrifice and serve in the Armed Forces.
http://en.epochtimes.com/news/8-6-5/71438.html
Read our story at the Defense Department site:
www.defenselink.mil/news/Feb2005/n02162005_2005021611.html,
CBS / WANE TV 15 VIDEO-ARMAD:
http://www.monroearmad.com/videos/2005/fortwayne
Source : http://www.scout.org
The JOTA is an annual event in which Scouts and Guides all over the world speak to each other by means of amateur radio contacts. Scouting experiences are exchanged and ideas are shared, via the radio waves.
When Scouts want to meet young people from another country they usually think of attending a World Jamboree or another international gathering. But few people realize that each year about half-a-million Scouts and Guides “get together” over the airwaves for the annual Jamboree-on-the–Air (JOTA). Modern communication technology offers Scouts the exciting opportunity to make friends in other countries without even leaving home…..
Since 1958 when the first jamboree-on-the-Air was held, thousands of Scouts and Guides have “met” each other through this event. Not only is it fun to talk to Scouts from other parts of the world but it provides also a chance to find out about other countries and about Scouting elsewhere. Many contacts made during the JOTA have resulted in penpals and links between scout troops that have lasted for many years.
With no restrictions on age, on the number that can participate and at little or no expense, the JOTA provides an opportunity for Scouts and Guides to contact each other by amateur radio. The radio stations are operated by licensed amateur radio operators. Many Scouts and leaders hold licences and have their own stations, but the majority participates in the JOTA through stations operated by local radio clubs and individual radio amateurs. Today some operators even use television or computer linked communications.
Date and duration of the event
The world–wide Jamboree-On-The-Air is organized to coincide with the third full weekend of October each year. The event starts at 00.00 hours local time on the Saturday and concludes 48 hours later at 24.00 hours local time on the Sunday. Each station can choose its own operating hours within this period.
The Amateur Radio Emergency Service (ARES) consists of licensed amateurs who have voluntarily registered their qualifications and equipment for communications duty in the public service when disaster strikes. Every licensed amateur, regardless of membership in ARRL or any other local or national organization, is eligible for membership in the ARES. The only qualification, other than possession of an Amateur Radio license, is a sincere desire to serve. Because ARES is an amateur service, only amateurs are eligible for membership. The possession of emergency-powered equipment is desirable, but is not a requirement for membership.
Source :http://www.ah6le.net
EME (which is short for Earth-Moon-Earth) is a method of communications utilizing the Moon as a passive reflector. With the Moon being an average of 250,000 miles from the Earth, this is no small feat. High power (pretty much the legal limit) and high-gain antennas are the norm.
Many newcomers to EME are intimidated by what seems a daunting amount of required hardware. Nothing could be further from the truth! With so many “big-gun” EME stations on 2 meters, even a “modest” station with a single yagi and 100 to 200 watt “brick” type amplifier can give EME a try!
If you’re interested in giving EME a try, check out the links below and be sure to check in to the 2 Meter EME Net, held every Saturday on 14.345 Mhz at 1700Z..
Hardware for EME
Sequencing
In order to prevent premature death of your favorite GaasFet preamp, as well as making sure all the antenna changeover relays have settled before actually generating RF power (at the power levels used for EME, this is not an option), it is necessary to use a “sequencer”, a device that will automatically handle all the timing for you.
When switching from receive to transmit
When switching from transmit to receive, we simply reverse the above process.
This is accomplished with my Interface below.
While I’m a big fan of Real Track , there are times when not having the computer fired up is very attractive to me. After looking over the various hardware interfaces for being able to read antenna position accurately, I decided that I could design something for far less money than most of the currently available ones.
Being a true believer in Murphy, I decided to modify the two radios I use for EME in order to absolutely, positively make certain there was no way I could accidentally transmit into my mast mounted GaasFet preamps. (we all know we do stupid things at times). The modifications I did are simple, require only a handful of commonly available parts and are completely reversible. They also leave no permanent marks on either radio.
Click here : http://www.ah6le.net/radiomods.html
AMSAT is a worldwide group of Amateur Radio Operators who share an active interest in building, launching and then communicating with each other through non-commercial Amateur Radio satellites. By any measure, AMSAT’s track record has been impressive. Since its initial founding, over 25 years ago, AMSAT has used predominantly volunteer labor and donated resources to design, construct and, with the added assistance of government and commercial space agencies, successfully launch, over two dozen Amateur Radio communications satellites into Earth orbit.
The Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation (as AMSAT is officially known) was first formed in 1969 as a not-for-profit, 501(c)(3) educational organization chartered in the District of Columbia, USA. Its aim is to foster Amateur Radio’s participation in space research and communication. AMSAT was founded to continue the efforts, begun in 1961, by Project OSCAR, a west coast USA-based group which built and launched the very first Amateur Radio satellites. OSCAR stands for Orbiting Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio, a term that is still used to identify most Amateur Radio satellites. OSCAR 1 was launched December 12, 1961, barely four years after the launch of Russia’s first Sputnik. OSCAR 1 was followed, six months later, by OSCAR 2. These satellites were built, quite literally, in people’s garages and basements. They contained relatively simple beacon transmitters that used non-rechargeable batteries which limited their useful lifetimes to a few weeks. However, the “home-brew” flavor of these early Amateur Radio satellites lives on, as most of the hardware and software now flying on even the most advanced AMSAT satellites is still largely the product of volunteer effort and donated resources.
While the original District of Columbia-chartered organization in the USA is still very active, other like-minded groups throughout the world have since been formed to pursue the same goals. Many of these groups share the AMSAT name. For example, the AMSAT group in Germany uses “AMSAT-DL” as its official name. Likewise, the group in Great Britain uses “AMSAT-UK”. Japan’s AMSAT group is called “JAMSAT” and the group in Brazil uses the term “BRAMSAT” as its official title. All of them, and many others like them throughout the world, share the same goal…fostering Amateur Radio activities in space. In order to prevent confusion, however, the original AMSAT group is now often informally called “AMSAT-NA”, for AMSAT-North America. While the affiliations between the various groups are not formal, they do cooperate very closely with one another. For example, international teams of AMSAT volunteers are often formed to help build each other’s space hardware, or to help launch and control each other’s satellites.
Most launches for AMSAT spacecraft since the Project OSCAR satellites have used non-military launch vehicles, and have been carried, almost exclusively, as secondary payloads. The early AMSAT satellites were principally launched on missions carrying weather satellites into orbit. Since that time, however, AMSAT spacecraft have shared launch vehicles with a whole host of other commercial, scientific and navigational satellites from a number of countries.
Besides building and launching satellites that allow Amateur Radio operators to experiment with new and more sophisticated ways of communicating, AMSAT has also helped both government and commercial space agencies develop new ways of carrying payloads into orbit. For example, in the late 1980s, AMSAT volunteers, working with the European Space Agency (ESA), developed a unique launch adapter to take advantage of unused space on the Ariane 4 vehicle’s upper stage. In 1990, this structure was used to successfully launch four very small amateur digital communications satellites (called MICROSATs) along with two additional, albeit somewhat larger, amateur satellites into Earth orbit. The structure has since been used by ESA to carry other small payloads into space, many of them carrying derivatives of the same digital “store-and-forward” satellite communications technology that was first pioneered by AMSAT.
In addition to its unmanned satellite efforts, AMSAT has also been active in manned space and educational activities. Working together with the American Radio Relay League (ARRL) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), AMSAT volunteers helped develop new space-qualified hardware and have since donated their technical communications “know-how” to a number of flights involving Amateur Radio operation aboard the NASA Space Shuttle. In recent years, these Amateur Radio operations, called SAREX (which is short for Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment), have been used to bring school children in a number of countries into direct radio contact with Shuttle astronauts in Earth orbit.
For over 25 years AMSAT groups have played a key role in significantly advancing the state of the art in space science, space education and space communications technology. Undoubtedly, the work now being done by AMSAT volunteers throughout the world will continue to have far-reaching, positive effects on the very future of both Amateur Radio, as well as other governmental, scientific and commercial activities in the final frontier. Rarely have a group of “amateur” volunteers managed to do so much…for so many…with so little.
(Current as of April, 1997)
AMSAT-North America Keith Baker, KB1SF; Executive Vice President 1324 Fairgrounds Road Xenia, Ohio 45385-9514 USA Phone/Fax: +1 (937) 429-5325 Internet: kb1sf@amsat.org
AMSAT-Germany Werner Haas, DJ5KQ; Vice President Holderstrauch 10 D-35041 Marburg, Germany Phone: (06421) 283551 Fax: (06421) 285665 Internet: dj5kq@amsat.org
AMSAT is a registered trademark of the Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation.
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International Space Station Reference Ham Radio What is AMSAT Source : http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/station/reference/radio/amsat.html The Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation, or AMSAT, is a worldwide group of amateur radio operators who communicate through, or are just interested in, amateur radio satellites. AMSAT members are involved in the organization at all levels from those who design and build the spacecraft, and those who use them for QSOs — morse code “shorthand” for a two-way amateur radio conversation — or merely monitor their signals. AMSAT was formed in 1969 in the District of Columbia as a nonprofit, educational organization. Its stated aim was, and is, to foster amateur radio’s participation in space research and communication. As such, it continued the efforts begun in 1961 by Project OSCAR, a West Coast group which built and launched the first Amateur Radio satellites, beginning with OSCAR 1 which was launched Dec. 12, 1961. OSCAR stands for Orbiting Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio. Since 1969, AMSAT groups around the world have participated in the design, construction, launch and operation of some 40 amateur radio satellites. Many of these groups use the word AMSAT in their names. In order to distinguish between them, suffixes are often appended, but are omitted if the meaning is clear. For example, AMSAT-NA is for North America, AMSAT-UK is for Great Britain or AMSAT-DL is for the German group. Some groups combine their country name with AMSAT to form combinations such as JAMSAT in Japan and BRAMSAT in Brazil. AMSAT provides a vast array of support for those interested in learning about amateur radio satellites. The AMSAT Journal, published six times per year, provides members with many interesting articles about satellite operation and news of upcoming amateur satellite projects. The AMSAT Software Exchange makes available satellite tracking software for most popular personal computers. AMSAT even runs its own QSL — written documentation of a QSO — bureau for satellite users. With area coordinators in many sections of the country, the AMSAT Filed Organization is ready to answer your satellite questions and help you get started. Among other material, new members receive a list of these area coordinators. AMSAT also sponsors regular VHF nets where you can hear the latest news of the amateur space program, or get answers to your questions about amateur satellites. In addition, there are many VHF nets held on various repeaters across the United States as well as in other countries. Amateur satellite information is also carried on many packet bulletin boards. Your nearest area coordinator has a list of such nets and bulletin boards in your vicinity. For those with Internet access, AMSAT-NA maintains both a Web page and an e-mail service. The Web page is at www.amsat.org. To get weekly AMSAT news bulletins, send a “SUBSCRIBE ANS” message to majordomo@amsat.org. For regular updates of orbital elements for use in your satellite tracking program, send a “SUBSCRIBE KEPS” message to the same address. You can also participate in discussions about amateur satellites by subscribing to the AMSAT Bulletin Board. A message saying “SUBSCRIBE BB”, sent to majordomo@amsat.org will get you connected. Listening to, even working through, the amateur satellites, or “birds” as they are affectionately known, is quite easy. Even those with only high-frequency equipment can do it. The Russian RS-12 satellite has an uplink on 15 meters and a downlink on 10 meters, and thus can be readily worked with a high-frequency transceiver. It also includes a 2 meter downlink. Other birds employ 2-meter Single Side Band/Continuous Wave, or SSB/CW, uplinks and 10-meter downlinks and more are expected to follow. AMRAD-OSCAR 27, or AO-27, allows you to transmit, via FM, on 2 meters and receive on 437 MHz. It has been worked with as little as dual-band HTs and “rubber duckies”. And the Russian Space Station MIR carries a German built SAFEX 70 70 cm in-band FM repeater. Two Japanese amateur satellites, Fuji OSCARs 20 and 29, offer both analog and digital operation via the 2-meter and 70-centimeter bands. AMSAT OSCAR 10 is amateur radio’s currently operating high-altitude satellite. Although launched back in 1983, and having suffered computer and battery failure, it is still useful for communication. AO-10 requires a little more in the way of power and antenna size than the lower altitude RS satellites, but the rewards make this extra effort worthwhile. For those primarily in the digital side of amateur radio, the “pacsats” provide a great means of expanding one’s horizon. AMSAT-OSCAR 16 (AO-16), LUSAT-OSCAR 19 (LU-19), AO-22, KITSAT-OSCAR 23 (KO-23) and KITSAT-OSCAR 25 (KO 25) plus Italy-OSCAR-26 (IO-26), and the two Fujis, provide orbiting bulletin boards and store-and-forward mail facilities worldwide. Two other such spacecraft, TMSAT-1 (TO-31) and TechSat-1B (G-32), were launched in mid-1998. Some of these Amateur Radio satellites, plus WeberSat-OSCAR 18 (WO-18), also have onboard cameras, which take pictures of Earth that can be downloaded. Except for Radio Sputnik 12 (RS-12), U.S. hams need only a technician class license to participate in all this fun. For those interested in awards, there is much to accomplish on the Amateur Satellites. The American Radio Relay League-sponsored Worked All States (WAS), DX Century Club (DXCC) and VHF/UHF Advisory Committee (VUAC) are available to those who qualify. In addition, AMSAT sponsors several awards of its own. For example, one award is given in recognition of various numbers of stations contacted via the Amateur Satellites. Of course, you can merely enjoy the rapid fire QSOs available on the various low altitude birds, or sit back and experience the thrill of engaging in old-fashioned “ragchews” via OSCAR 10. The Amateur Radio satellites have been used for a number of exciting and worthwhile activities. One such activity involved a group of Russians and Canadians who skied across the North Pole from the northernmost point of Russia to the northern most point of Canada – a distance of nearly 2,000 kilometers (1,250 miles). The skiers’ location was uploaded to amateur radio satellite, UoSat-OSCAR 11 (UO-11), which provided it to school students all over the world, using that spacecraft’s digital voice unit. A more recent example involved a team flying across the North Pole in an old Russian biplane. They used the digital satellites to relay news of their progress. OSCAR satellites have also been used to transmit medical data and were employed in early tests of the concept that led to the joint US/Soviet Search And Rescue Satellite, or SARSat, system. Amateur satellites have also proven useful in a variety of emergencies from hurricanes to earthquakes. AMSAT, in conjunction with the American Radio Relay League and NASA, worked to create SAREX, the Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment, which has been renamed Space Amateur Experiment in recognition of the role it is playing in amateur radio participation in the International Space Station. SAREX has permitted ham astronauts on shuttle missions to communicate directly with amateurs on the ground. One important use of this capability has been to enable conversations between young students and the orbiting astronauts without the use of NASA communications facilities. This has been possible with the help of amateurs all over this country and abroad, who set up equipment at schools and other facilities. Flight crews on the Russian space station, MIR, have also been active on the 2 meter amateur band, talking to hams all over the world, as well as conversing with students. More satellites, more modes and more fun are coming! The fourth in the series of high elliptical orbit satellites, Phase 3D, is awaiting launch.Phase 3D will usher in a whole new era of amateur radio satellites. It has been dubbed “the satellite for all amateurs” because its combination of high transmitters and high gain antennas, always directed at Earth, will make it much easier to work than previous high altitude amateur satellites. Phase 3D will bring satellite operation to within the reach of virtually every licensed amateur in the world. In addition, its improved link performance should make it feasible for it to be used to interlink repeaters for many hours per day. Primarily financed by membership dues and donations, AMSAT continues to work hard to maintain amateur radio’s presence in space.
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Second Edition, July 2008
As permitted by the authors – John Devoldere – ON4UN and Mark Demeuleneere – ON4WW paper have been translated to our Bahasa/Language by Bejo Arismunandar YBØEAH.
This must be known and read by Indonesian Amateur Radio, if you need it just find out URL below and free for download, all about 129 pages in Microsoft Word Format.
May I deliver my appreciation to OM Bejo – YBØEAH to allow me to publish the Latest Ethics in order to share with all of beloved Indonesian Ham Friends and congratulation for his great job in translating the latest Ethics and Operating Procedure for Amateur Radio.
Here is your new guidance for you all – if you think not suitable with our procedure kindly send your respond or idea addressed to The authors ON4UN & ON4WW
In case above link not working anymore, you can download it from SUARCLUB website. If you want to read the original version of the Ethics, please search at URL below :
Please be noted that the two version of The ETHICS have been bound and already distributed unofficially to certain ham friends during examination on April 19, 2009 in Serang City the capital city of Banten Province.
We distributed the Ethics just for the voluntary guidance our ham friends in Banten to improve their knowledge in operating procedure in advance while awaiting for a circulation announcement from Head Quarter of ORARI.
Soekardi – YB1TC
NEWS RELEASE
International Amateur Radio Union
P.O. Box 310905
Newington, CT 06131-0905 USA
FAX: +1 860 594 0259
E-Mail: iaru@iaru.org
26 June 2008
For immediate release
IARU Officer Nominations Agreed for 2009-2014 Term
The Administrative Council (AC) of the International Amateur Radio Union (IARU) held its annual meeting on 24-25 June 2008 in Konstanz, Germany and took the following actions.
1. The consultative process leading to nominations for IARU President and Vice President for the five-year term beginning on 9 May 2009 was completed between the AC and the American Radio Relay League, the IARU member-society that serves as the International Secretariat. IARU President Larry Price, W4RA had announced in 2007 that he was not available to serve an additional term. The AC agreed that Vice President Tim Ellam, VE6SH and Region 1 President Ole Garpestad, LA2RR are suitably qualified to serve as IARU President and Vice President, respectively. Their nominations will be offered to the member-societies for ratification.
2. A comprehensive review and update of the working document that defines the additional spectrum requirements of the amateur and amateur-satellite services was conducted. Requests from the amateur satellite community for support of additional allocations were considered and referred to the IARU Satellite Adviser for additional information.
3. The IARU International Coordinator for Emergency Communications, Hans Zimmermann, HB9AQS/F5VKP, presented his report in person. He noted the outstanding performance of radio amateurs in China who responded to the recent tragic earthquake emergency.
4. Reports of the other IARU international coordinators and advisers were received. They are International Beacon Project Coordinator Peter Jennings, AB6WM/VE3SUN; Satellite Adviser Hans van de Groenendaal, ZS6AKV; EMC Adviser Christian Verholt, OZ8CY; and Interim Monitoring System International Coordinator Chuck Skolaut, K0BOG.
5. An additional progress report was received from an ad hoc committee that is investigating the future role and structure of the IARU. Work since the previous AC meeting has refined the structure and identified the remaining issues to be resolved.
6. A resolution offered by Region 1 that seeks to improve the operating standards of radio amateurs was adopted. The AC endorses and recommends the principles set out in the booklet “Ethics and Operating Procedures for the Radio Amateur” by John Devoldere, ON4UN and Marc Demeuleneere , ON4WW, and encourages each IARU Region to consider this booklet, with a view to adopting it, including any Regional variations that might be felt appropriate.
7. A study of the international QSL bureau system was commissioned. The study will seek input from member-societies on the problems they face in light of escalating postage and other expenses, and the anticipated impact of electronic confirmation systems such as the ARRL’s Logbook of the World.
8. The three-year strategic plan for the development of support for amateur radio frequency allocations was reviewed and renewed for the period 2008-2011. The principal focus is on preparations for the 2011 World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC-11), especially the attainment of an amateur allocation in the vicinity of 500 kHz.
9. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) meetings at which IARU representation will be required for the coming year were identified, and plans for representation were reviewed.
10. The plans of Region 3 for the IARU presence at Telecom Asia 2008 (Bangkok, 2-5 September) and of the International Secretariat for Telecom World 2009 (Geneva, 5-9 October) were reviewed.
11. The budget for 2009-2011 as presented by the International Secretariat (ARRL) was reviewed. The budget includes provision for financial contributions from the three regional organizations to defray a portion of the expenses, in accordance with previously adopted policy.
12. The 29 March 2009 implementation of the worldwide exclusive allocation of 7100-7200 kHz adopted at the 2003 WRC was noted and the many contributors to this achievement were recognized.
13. “Amateur Radio: Your Resource in Disaster and Emergency Communication” was selected as the theme for the next World Amateur Radio Day, April 18, 2009.
14. Status reports from each of the three IARU regional organizations were received and discussed. The next regional conference will be that of Region 1, to be held in Cavtat, Croatia in mid-November.
Attending the Konstanz meeting were IARU President Larry Price, W4RA; Vice President Tim Ellam, VE6SH/G4HUA; Secretary David Sumner, K1ZZ; regional representatives Ole Garpestad, LA2RR, Don Beattie, G3BJ, Hans Blondeel Timmerman, PB2T, Reinaldo Leandro, YV5AMH, Ramon Santoyo, XE1KK, Rod Stafford, W6ROD, Michael Owen, VK3KI, Gopal Madhavan, VU2GMN, ARRL President Joel Harrison, W5ZN, on behalf of the International Secretariat, and recording secretary Paul Rinaldo, W4RI. IARU International Coordinator for Emergency Communications Hans Zimmermann, HB9AQS/F5VKP attended a portion of the meeting.
The next scheduled meeting of the AC will be held in Christchurch, New Zealand in October 2009.
-end-
(downloaded originally from IARU Website by YB1TC)
1. The name of this organization is the International Amateur Radio Union (IARU), hereinafter also referred to as the IARU.
2. Its objectives shall be the protection, promotion, and advancement of the Amateur and Amateur-Satellite Services within the framework of regulations established by the International Telecommunication Union, and to provide support to Member-Societies in the pursuit of these objectives at the national level, with special reference to the following:
a) representation of the interests of amateur radio at and between conferences and meetings of international telecommunications organizations;
b) encouragement of agreements between national amateur radio societies on matters of common interest;
c) enhancement of amateur radio as a means of technical self-training for young people;
d) promotion of technical and scientific investigations in the field of radiocommunication;
e) promotion of amateur radio as a means of providing relief in the event of natural disasters;
f) encouragement of international goodwill and friendship;
g) support of Member-Societies in developing amateur radio as a valuable national resource, particularly in developing countries; and
h) development of amateur radio in those countries not represented by Member-Societies.
3. Within this Constitution, the following terms shall have the meanings defined below.
Amateur Service: A radiocommunication service for the purpose of self-training, intercommunication and technical investigations carried out by amateurs, that is, by duly authorized persons interested in radio technique solely with a personal aim and without pecuniary interest.
Amateur Satellite Service: A radiocommunication service using space stations on earth satellites for the same purposes as those of the amateur service.
National Amateur Radio Society: A noncommercial association of radio amateurs, devoted to the objectives set forth in the preceding section of this Constitution and substantially covering by influence and recognition the country and/or territories which it represents.
Member-Society: A national amateur radio society that has been accepted for membership in the IARU
Region: A geographical area, the boundaries of which are defined in the Bylaws. Unless otherwise specified in the Bylaws, the Regions shall correspond to those into which, for frequency allocation purposes, the world has been divided by the International Telecommunication Union.
International Secretariat: The Member-Society elected to discharge the responsibilities enumerated in Article V.
Btioylaws: The operative procedures of the IARU adopted under the provisions of this Constitun for the governance of its affairs.
4. In this Constitution and in the Bylaws of the IARU, words importing only the masculine gender include the feminine gender and the neutral gender; words importing only the singular number include the plural number, and vice versa; and words importing persons shall include corporations. Headings, marginal notes, and numbering of Articles and Paragraphs are inserted for ease of reference only and do not form part of this Constitution, nor shall they affect its interpretation.
5. The official language of the IARU is English.
6. The IARU is composed of the following:
a) the Member-Societies (Article II);
b) the Administrative Council (Article III );
c) The Regional Organizations (Article IV).
7. The authority of the IARU resides collectively in the Member-Societies, who exercise this authority by voting as set forth in Articles VI and VII.
8. The structure and operation of the IARU shall be set forth in this Constitution and Bylaws.
9. No mutual financial obligations or responsibilities exist between entities or the IARU except as set forth in this Constitution; however, special arrangements may be made.
1. The membership of the IARU shall consist of its Member-Societies.
2. There shall be only one Member-Society representing a country or separate territory.
The Constitution and Bylaws of the IARU , and proposals adopted by vote of the Member-Societies in accordance with Article VI of this Constitution, shall be binding upon Member-Societies. Member-Societies shall also adhere to the Constitution, Bylaws and Rules of their regional organizations.
4. Member-Societies retain their complete autonomy with respect to their internal affairs.
5. A Member-Society has the right to:
a) cast its vote on all IARU proposals published in the Calendar;
b) present proposals in accordance with Article VI, paragraph 2 for vote by Member-Societies;
c) represent IARU in its country and/or territory; and
d) participate in the activities and conferences of its own regional organization in accordance with the Constitution, Bylaws, and Rules of its own regional organization.
6. Member-Societies shall have the rights, duties, and obligations as defined in the Bylaws of the IARU.
7. No Member Society shall, by virtue or its membership, be required to act in a manner that is contrary to the laws of its country.
8. Member-Societies shall have no financial obligations to the IARU; however, there may be financial obligations between a Member-Society and its regional organization.
9. Applications for membership shall be reviewed by the appropriate regional organization, and then processed by the Administrative Council in accordance with procedures set out in the Bylaws.
10. A Member-Society may resign its membership in the IARU by submitting written notice to the Secretary of the appropriate regional organization. The resignation shall become effective upon publication in the Calendar.
11. The rights of a Member-Society may not be suspended, nor may membership in the IARU be terminated, unless:
a) The Member-Society has failed to fulfill its duties under this Constitution;
b) The Member-Society has acted contrary to the interests of Amateur Radio or the IARU; or
c) The Member-Society no longer adequately represents the interests of radio amateurs throughout its country and/or separate territory.
12. Procedures for temporary suspension of rights, and for termination of membership, shall be established in the Bylaws. ‘Termination shall be by vote of the Member-Societies as described in Article VI.
1. The policy and management of The IARU shall be carried out by the Administrative Council. The Administrative Council shall:
a) coordinate the representation or the interests of amateur radio at international telecommunications conferences with the regional organizations, under the direction of the President;
b) establish long-range planning in close cooperation with the regional organizations to preserve the basic purposes of amateur radio;
c) serve as coordinator between the regional organizations on all matters of mutual interest;
d) formulate such proposals for consideration by the Member-Societies as may be necessary to further the objectives of the IARU; and
c) adopt such resolutions and recommendations as will facilitate the functioning of the IARU.
2. The members of the Administrative Council shall be the President, the Vice President, the Secretary, and two members from each of the regional organizations. No member may have a professional interest which conflicts with the objectives of the IARU.
3. President.
a) The President shall be a Radio Amateur, and a member of a Member-Society.
b) The term of office of the President shall be for a period of five years from the date of ratification of his nomination, and he shall remain in office until the nomination of his successor has been ratified.
c) No later than 12 months prior to the expiration of the term or office of the President then in office, the International Secretariat shall initiate discussions with the Administrative Council to identify suitably qualified candidates available to serve as President. The nomination of a single candidate shall be made by the International Secretariat, but not until agreement has been reached between the International Secretariat and the Administrative Council that the candidate is suitably qualified.
d) A President shall be eligible for re-election.
e) The nomination of a President by the International Secretariat shall be subject to ratification by a vote of the Member-Societies in accordance with Article VI.
f) The office of President shall become vacant if the President:
1)dies,
2) gives notice in writing of his resignation to the Secretary, or
3) is removed by the adoption of a joint proposal put forward by at least 10% of the Member-Societies in accordance with the procedure described in Article VI.
4. The president shall have general supervision of the affairs of the IARU in accordance with formulated policies, and shall serve as chairman of the Administrative Council.
5. The qualifications, method of election, and term of office for the Vice President shall be identical with that of the President.
6. The Vice President shall serve in the absence of the President and shall be responsible for such matters of general supervision as may be delegated to him by the President.
7. In the event of a vacancy in the office of President, the Vice President shall succeed him. In the event of a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the office shall be filled in accordance with the procedure described in Article III, paragraph 3.
8. The Secretary shall be designated by the International Secretariat and shall serve for a term determined by that Member-Society.
9. The Secretary shall manage the routine affairs of the IARU under the direction of the President.
10. The members of the Administrative Council from the regional organizations shall be Radio Amateurs and members of Member-Societies of their respective regional organizations. They shall be elected according to the rules of, and serve for a term determined by, their respective regional organizations. From each regional organization at least one, and wherever possible both, of the members shall be members of their regional executive committee.
11. The expenses of participation in the work of the Administrative Council by the President, Vice President, and Secretary, together with the administrative expenses associated with the holding of a meeting, shall be borne by The International Secretariat; the expenses of the members from the regional organizations shall be borne by their respective regional organizations.
12. Five members, including at least one from each regional organization and either the President or the Vice President, shall constitute a quorum.
13. Each member of the Administrative Council shall have one vote, except that the President shall vote only in the event of a tie.
14. Normally, the Administrative Council shall meet annually at a time and place to be determined at the previous meeting. Additional meetings of the Administrative Council may he called by the President or at the joint request of the regional organizations. In the event of a member of the Administrative Council not being able to attend a meeting of the Administrative Council, the executive committee of the regional organization shall provide a suitably qualified alternate.
15. Between meetings, decisions may be made by correspondence or other means.
16. The Administrative Council may adopt rules governing its operations in addition to those specified herein.
1. The regional organizations are formed by Member-Societies representing the countries or separate territories in the respective Regions. The boundaries of the regional organizations correspond to those of the Regions. The regional organizations shall be referred to as “IARU, Region [ ].”
2. There shall be only one regional organization in each Region.
3. The objectives of the regional organizations shall be in accordance with Article I, paragraph 2 of this Constitution.
4. Each regional organization shall operate autonomously under its own regional constitution, and in accordance with the IARU Constitution.
5. Each regional organization shall have its own management and finances.
6. The management of a regional organization is carried out by an executive committee, the members of which are elected by the Member-Societies of the regional organization under the regional constitution.
7. Each regional organization shall ensure that its Member-Societies are actively supporting, in the countries or separate territories that they represent, the objectives of the IARU as set forth in Article I, paragraph 2.
8. Each regional organization shall participate actively in the work of the Administrative Council and shall inform the Administrative Council of significant activities within its Region.
1. The Member-Societies shall elect one of their number willing to and capable of serving as the International Secretariat of the IARU.
2. The term of service of a Member-Society as International Secretariat shall continue until the election of a successor.
3. The operating expenses of the IARU shall be borne by the International Secretariat: however, it shall be under no obligation to bear expenses on behalf of the IARU beyond those that are incidental to its discharging the responsibilities enumerated in this Constitution.
4. The International Secretariat shall maintain the official records of the IARU and shall be the custodian of any property and funds belonging to the IARU. In the event of a transfer of the International Secretariat, all records, and control of all property and funds of the IARU shall be transmitted promptly to the successor.
5. The Administrative Council may establish bank accounts in the name of the IARU.
6. At least twice a year, the International Secretariat shall issue a periodical bulletin named The Calendar to all Member-Societies and to the members of the regional executive committees. The Calendar shall contain all proposals to be considered by the Member-Societies and other information as directed by the Administrative Council.
1. In the consideration of proposals brought before the IARU in accordance with this Constitution, each Member-Society shall have one vote.
2. A Proposal may be made by any Member-Society through its regional organization, which shall transmit it to the Administrative Council for publication in the next issue of the Calendar. Publication shall be accompanied by explanatory comment. Proposals also may be made by the regional organizations and the Administrative Council.
3. A Member-Society shall cast its vote in writing so that it is received by the International Secretariat not later than five months after publication of the Calendar containing the proposal. Votes received late shall not be counted.
4. After voting is completed, the Administrative Council shall publish the results in the next issue of the Calendar, including a list of Member-Societies voting in favor, those voting against, those recording an abstention, and all explanatory statements submitted for publication by Member-Societies.
5. Except for amendments to the Constitution and the termination of membership of a Member-Society, proposals shall be deemed adopted upon the casting of affirmative votes by a simple majority of the Member-Societies who have submitted, within the specified time, a vote or abstention, either on that proposal or in response to one of the three preceding issues of the Calendar which contained proposals for consideration by the Member-Societies.
6. The termination of membership of a Member-Society shall require a vote in accordance with the procedure described in Article VI, paragraph 5, except that a two-thirds majority shall be required.
1. This Constitution may be amended by proposal in the Calendar, subject to a vote in accordance with the procedure described in Article VI, paragraph 5, except that a two-thirds majority shall be required.
2. Bylaws may be adopted or amended by proposal in the Calendar, subject to a vote in accordance with the procedure described in Article VI, paragraph 5, of the Constitution.
Applications for Membership
1. Applications for membership in IARU shall be forwarded by the applicant society to the secretariat of the appropriate regional organization. As soon as practical, the regional organization shall forward to the Administrative Council any complete application that it has received, along with either a favorable or unfavorable finding with respect to the qualifications of the applicant, and any additional comments which it may wish to make. In the event an incomplete application is received or additional information is desired, the regional secretariat shall endeavor to obtain the information from the applicant.
2. An applicant for membership shall include the following in its application:
a) a copy of its constitution or other governing document;
b) a list of its officers, the total number of its members, the number of members who are licensed to transmit in the Amateur Service, and the number of licensed operators in its country and/or separate territory;
c) satisfactory evidence that it:
1) adequately represents the interests of amateurs throughout the country and/or separate territory which it proposes to represent:
2) has the ability to meet its financial obligations as a member of the Union; and
3) is legally able to act in the furtherance of IARU objectives within its country and/or separate territory; and
d) a declaration that the applicant society will adhere to the Constitutions of both the IARU and the respective regional organization.
3. Within three months of receiving an application for membership on which a regional organization made a favorable finding, the Administrative Council shall publish in the Calendar a proposal that the applicant be admitted to membership, with sufficient information to permit Member-Societies to make an informed decision.
4. The Administrative Council shall review applications on which a regional organization has made an unfavorable finding. If in the opinion of the Administrative Council there is insufficient basis for the unfavorable finding, the application shall be returned to the regional organization with the request either that it be given further consideration, or that the basis for the finding be further explained.
Duties and Obligations of Member-Societies
5. Member-Societies shall seek to promote and defend the objectives and principles established in the Constitution and Bylaws of the IARU and the Constitution, Bylaws and Rules of their own regional organization.
6. A Member-Society has the obligation to represent and promote IARU in its country and/or territory and shall ensure that the principles, resolutions and recommendations of the IARU are made known to all amateurs within its area of influence.
7. A Member-Society shall attend or be represented at its own regional conference in accordance with the Constitution, Bylaws, and Rules of its regional organization.
8. A Member-Society shall respond to all inquiries originating from the Regional and/or International Secretariat. It shall provide the Regional Secretariat with an annual report, notices of changes of addresses and/or officers, copies of substantive correspondence sent to the International Secretariat, and such other information that is relevant to its activities within the IARU.
9. Every Member-Society shall advise the Secretary of any conflicts that may exist between the Constitution or the Bylaws of IARU, or any proposals adopted by the IARU. and the laws and policies of its country.
Temporary Suspension of Rights of a Member-Society
10. At the request of a regional organization, the Administrative Council may place the rights of a Member-Society temporarily in abeyance if in its opinion there exist sufficient grounds for doing so in accordance with Article II, paragraph 11 of the Constitution.
Termination of Membership
11. If it appears to the Administrative Council, whether from a report from the Secretary, regional organization, or otherwise, that a Member-Society’s breach of the conditions enumerated in Article II, paragraph 11 of the Constitution is not of a temporary nature, the Administrative Council may:
a) take no further action in the matter;
b) reconsider the matter at a later date;
c) obtain further information including a report from the relevant regional organization and such other information by such means and in such time as it decides;
d) direct the Secretary to advise the Member-Society of the charge against it and require the Member-Society to provide an answer thereto in such time as the Administrative Council shall specify; or
e) take such other action as it considers appropriate.
12. If it appears to the Administrative Council that it is proper to do so, it may make a proposal for the termination of the membership of a Member-Society, provided that no such proposal shall be made unless the action referred to in Bylaw 11(d) has been taken and the Administrative Council has considered any answer given in response thereto.
13. A proposal for the termination of the membership of a Member-Society shall be accompanied by a suitable explanation therefor and a copy of the answer, if any, made by the Member-Society.
Regions
14. The Regions shall be defined as follows:
Region 1
Includes the area limited on the east by line A (lines A, B and C are defined below) and on the west by line B, excluding any of the territory of Iran which lies between these limits. It also includes that part of the territory of Turkey and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics lying outside of these limits, the territory of the Mongolian People’s Republic, and the area to the north of the USSR which lies between lines A and C.
Region 2
Region 2 includes the area limited on the east by line B and on the west by line C.
Region 3
Region 3 includes the area limited on the east by line C and on the west by line A, except the territories of the Mongolian People’s Republic, Turkey, the territory of the USSR and the area to the north of the USSR. It also includes that part of the territory of Iran lying outside of those limits.
The lines A, B and C are defined as follows:
Line A: Line A extends from the North Pole along meridian 40 degrees East of Greenwich to parallel 40 degrees North; thence by great circle arc to the intersection of meridian 60 degrees East and the Tropic of Cancer; thence along the meridian 60 degrees East to the South Pole.
Line B: Line B extends from The North Pole along meridian 10 degrees West of Greenwich to its intersection with parallel 72 degrees North; thence by great circle arc to the intersection of meridian 50 degrees West and parallel 40 degrees North; thence by great circle arc to the intersection of meridian 20 degrees West and parallel 10 degrees South; thence along meridian 20 degrees West to the South Pole.
Line C: Line C extends from the North Pole by great circle arc to the intersection of parallel 65 degrees 30 North with the international boundary in Bering Strait; thence by great circle arc to the intersection of meridian 165 degrees East of Greenwich and parallel 50 degrees North; thence by great circle arc to the intersection of meridian 170 degrees West and parallel 10 degrees North; thence along parallel 10 degrees North to its intersection with meridian 120 degrees West; thence along meridian 120 degrees West to the South Pole.
Correspondence Procedure
15. A copy of all correspondence from a Member-Society to the Administrative Council, or from the International Secretariat to a Member-Society, including correspondence on behalf of the Administrative Council to a Member-Society, shall be sent to the Secretary of the appropriate regional organization.
Selection, Resignation, and Replacement of the International Secretariat
16. Nomination of an IARU Member-Society to serve as the International Secretariat may be made either by a Member-Society, a regional organization or the Administrative Council and shall be accompanied by a supporting rationale. In addition, the nominated Member-Society must attest to its willingness to serve and its ability to fulfill the requirements and obligations as described in Article V of the Constitution.
17. If the Member-Society serving as the International Secretariat wishes to resign, it shall submit its resignation in writing to the Administrative Council. The resignation shall be published in the next issue of the Calendar together with an invitation for nomination of a successor.
18. A proposal to replace a Member-Society serving as the International Secretariat shall include a nomination of a successor.
In The Karimata Island
The Late Vice Bupati of Sinabang, Simeulue Island, he took important role and appreciated to the team of YE6P during our stay and activitiy, he hired organ music for refreshing and we sang together, dance and joget. He served special Lobster meal for the team. Lobster is the main export commodity to Japan and other countries. He was very nice man, May Allah SWT to forgive his sin during his life, Amien
My youngest boy Devanto, at Cikoneng Light House in Banten at the end of the year 2008
My daugther Putri CS, refreshing at Cikoneng Light House in the end of 2008
AROTERS MEETING at YB0TZ HOME QTH in 2005 after CIBUBUR event - is now Just remain sweet memory
Dear Fellow Amateurs,
When I introduced myself as the IARU Emergency Communications Coordinator, nobody could know, what dramatic and tragic events would occur over the following 12 months, and what an important role the Amateur Radio Service would have to play. The visibility our service got through reports in the media has helped us, but it also created high expectations. The first Global Amateur Radio Emergency Communications Conference (GAREC-2005) in Finland in June was an opportunity to discuss experiences and to develop new ideas. Emergency communications were on the agenda of the IARU Region 1 Conference and the IARU Administrative Council (AC) Meeting in September as well, and important decisions have been taken on these occasions.
GAREC-2005 proposed the establishment of “Center of Activity” Frequencies for emergency traffic on some of the HF bands. Region 1 adopted such frequencies in its Conference in September, and we expect that the two other regions will do the same in their forthcoming conferences in 2006 and 2007. Band plans are under the responsibility of each region, and the frequencies on the mostly regionally used 40 and 80 meter bands are specific for Region 1 (the other Regions have different allocations and already use frequencies in parts of the bands so far not accessible in Region 1). The frequencies on 15, 17 and 20 meters, mostly used for intercontinental traffic, have been discussed with Regions 2 and 3, and we hope that they will also be adopted by the competent conferences in these Regions. Details are available at http://www.iaru.org/emergency/CoA2.html .
Following a suggestion made at GAREC-2005, the IARU AC decided, to establish a working group for the development of an “IARU Emergency Communication Handbook”. This group is now being constituted and expected to work intensively as from January 2005. Anyone interested to participate is kindly invited to contact me directly. At the same time it was also decided, to publish a “flyer” or small brochure about the role of the Amateur Radio Service in Emergency Communications. We hope to have this publication ready early in 2006 for distribution at Conferences and similar events.
During the year, I had several opportunities to discuss emergency telecommunications with national societies when I visited their countries, be it in the context of IARU activities or during other, professional or private, trips. Due to the dramatic events, the subject also found much interest in a number of international conferences on related subjects, such as emergency and crisis management, where I was invited as a speaker.
Other noteworthy events were the official entry into force of the “Tampere Convention on Telecommunication Resources for Disaster Mitigation and Response Operations” (see http://www.iaru.org/emergency/tc-hams.html ) in January 2005 and the publication of the second edition of the ITU “Handbook on Emergency Telecommunications”. This manual includes a large section about the Amateur Radio Service, and parts of this book are now available for free download at http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/emergencytelecoms/publications.html .
Emergency Communication activities for the new year include GAREC-2006, again in Tampere, Finland, scheduled for 19-20 June 2006, see http://www.iaru.org/emergency/Garec-2006/first-announcement.html, the participation of the IARU in the ITU World Telecommunication Development Conference (WTDC) in March as well as in other work with the ITU. Much of this work concerns the preparation for the World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC) 2007, which is expected to take important decisions concerning the Amateur Radio Service. At this conference, emergency communications will be a key argument for defending the existing and obtaining additional privileges for our service.
I am looking forward to closely work with the newly appointed Region 1 Emergency Communications Coordinator, Seppo Sisatto, OH1 VR, the Region 2 Emergency Coordination Advisory Group, and the recently constituted Region 3 Disaster Communications Committee. In addition, more and more national IARU member societies are intensifying their work on emergency communications and are forming specialized groups; please keep your regional coordinators informed about such activities so that we can make sure that we can all benefit from each other’s experiences !
Many thanks to all of you for your support during the past 12 months –
73
(Hans Zimmermann)
F5VKP / HB9AQS
IARU International Emergency Communications Coordinator
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